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Thanks @Veerachart, your last answer pointed me in the right direction. I was able to get to the menu you show, but from there I checked the "Face Orientation" box, and this led me to the answer, and it had to do with the ordering of the vertices in my face definition and the right-hand rule. When the ordering of vertices was counter-clockwise, the normals were in the correct (outward) direction, which is in agreement with the right-hand rule. Once I changed the ordering of all the face vertices to be counter-clockwise, all of the normals were in the correct direction. I then added duplicate faces for the tail, wing, and tailwing to get double-sided normals. I was then able to follow the same export steps as before and the model in Gazebo looks correct:

C:\fakepath\fixed-airplane.png

Here's the updated Python script for completeness' sake:

C:\fakepath\mav_model.py