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The crash with a BadDrawable error usually indicates that you're running X with software rendering. And that's usually because the driver for your GPU isn't installed or failed to load. If you run glxinfo, you'll probably find a string similar to: OpenGL renderer string: Software Rasterizer in the output.

For best results, we recommend using an NVIDIA GPU along with the proprietary drivers from NVIDIA (under Ubuntu, the driver included in the nvidia-current package usually works well). Other cards and configurations also work, but NVIDIA hardware offers the best support under Linux. If you're using a laptop, you might not have many options. On a desktop, get yourself a gamer-level NVIDIA card.

In principle, Gazebo should work fine, but slowly, with software rendering. But in practice, Gazebo frequently crashes on start in the way that you've described.